Learn Oneida

Module 1

NOTE: This page is still under construction!
In this module, we‘ll cover the following:

Pronominals

English Pronouns

English gets by with just 21 pronouns that stand alone and are separate words:
Subjective SetObjective SetPossessive Set
Imemy
youyouyour
hehimhis
sheherher
ititits
weusour
theythemtheir
Oneida has two kinds of pronouns: standalone and bound.

Standalone Pronouns

Standalone pronouns are words you‘ll find that stand alone in a sentence. The standalone pronouns are:
í·I / Me
isé·You
né·It
laulhá·He / Him
akaulhá·She / Her
aulhá·It
lonulhá·They / Them (males, mix of males and females)
onulhá·They / Them (females)

Bound Pronouns

Bound pronouns must be attached to a word. There are roughly 80 of these, which can be broken down into four groups:
  1. Subjective (Red)
  2. Objective (Blue)
  3. Possessive (Light Blue)
  4. "The Purples"
"The Purples" refers to a group of pronouns that do not have an English counterpart.
From here on, we will refer to pronouns as pronominals, which is an abbreviation of "pronominal prefix".

Subjective (Red) Pronominals

The table below displays the full list of subjective (red) pronominals. Each column represents a different "stem", which is the first letter in a root word. For example, the root word nuwehseʔ ("to like") starts with the letter "N" which is a consonant, so we use the "C-stem" column. The root word attokhaʔ ("to be wise") starts with the letter "A", so we use the "A-stem" column.
Attaching "k" to the start of the root word nuwehseʔ results in knú·wehseʔ which means "I like it". Attaching "l" to the start of the root word attokhaʔ gives us lattókhaʔ wich means "he is wise".
The small numbers in the table cells represent exceptions — Oneida is full of them!
ENC-stemA-stemI-stemE-stem / Λ-stemO-stem / U-stem
íI
k
ik
4
ke
3
k
k
k
k
iséYou
s
ts
5
it
6
hse
2
3
hs
2
ts
hs
2
hs
2
hs
2
laulháHe
la
l
lʌ
1
hl
2
hl
2
akaulháShe
ye
yu
1
ye
1
yak
yak
aulháIt
ka
w
kʌ
1
w
y
tetniyáhseYou and I
tni
ty
tn
tn
tn
teyakniyáhseSomeone and I
yakni
yakn
yakn
yakn
yakn
tesniyáhseYou two
sni
tsy
sn
sn
sn
tehniyáhseTwo males
hni
2
hy
2
hn
2
hn
2
hn
2
tekniyáhseTwo females
kni
ky
kn
kn
kn
twakwekuYou all and I
twa
tw
twʌ
1
tw
ty
yakwakwekuThey and I
yakwa
yakw
yakwʌ
1
yakw
yaky
swakwekuAll of you
swa
sw
swʌ
1
sw
tsy
latikwekuThey (males)
lati
lu
1
latlʌn
lʌn
lʌn
kutikwekuThey (females)
kuti
ku
1
kutkun
kun
kun
Exception 1
The vowel with a squiggly underline replaces the leading vowel of the root word.
As an example, let‘s look at the A-stem column, where the root word is attokhaʔ. The translation for "she is wise" without this replacement rule would be yuattokhaʔ. yua is not a sound in Oneida so we instead change it to yu. Therefore the translation is yuttókhaʔ.
Exception 2
The h is not written or pronounced when nothing is attached in front of the pronominal. However, when anything is attached to the front of the pronominal, the h is written and pronounced. Example: snú·wehse̲ʔ and yah tehsnú·wehse̲ʔ.
Exception 3
The letter e only appears on root words that begin with a double consonant.
Examples are needed for this exception.
Exception 4
The ik prefix is attached to most (but not all) single syllable roots. The i in ik is used only occasionally. The i disappears when anything is attached in front of the prefix. Example: íkyʌheʔ and yah té·kyʌheʔ.
Exception 5
The prefix ts is attached to all roots beginning with yand i. The t disappears and is replaced by h when anything is attached in front of the prefix. Example:tsyʌtelíˍ and yah tehsyʌtelíˍ; tsí·tlu̲ʔ and yah tehsí·tlu̲ʔ.
Exception 6
The prefix it is attached to all roots beginning with hs and the idisappears when anything is attached in front of the prefix. Example: íthsaʔas and yah tethsáʔas

Objective (blue) Pronominals

The table below displays the full list of objective (blue) pronominals.
ENC-stemA-stemI-stemE-stem / Λ-stemO-stem / U-stem
íI
wak
wake
3
wak
wak
wak
wak
iséYou
sa
s
sʌ
1
s
s
laulháHe
lo
lo
1
lo
1
law
la
akaulháShe
yako
yako
1
yako
1
yakaw
yaka
aulháIt
yo
yo
1
yo
1
yaw
ya
tetniyáhseYou and I
yukni
yuky
yukn
yukn
yukn
teyakniyáhseSomeone and I
yukni
yuky
yukn
yukn
yukn
tesniyáhseYou two
sni
tsy
sn
sn
sn
tehniyáhseTwo males
loti
lon
lot
lon
lon
tekniyáhseTwo females
yoti
yon
yot
yon
yon
twakwekuYou all and I
yukwa
yukw
yukwʌ
1
yukw
yuky
yakwakwekuThey and I
yukwa
yukw
yukwʌ
1
yukw
yuky
swakwekuAll of you
swa
sw
swʌ
1
sw
tsy
latikwekuThey (males)
loti
lon
lot
lon
lon
kutikwekuThey (females)
yoti
yon
yot
yon
yon

Purple Pronominals

The table below displays the full list of purple pronominals. These do not have an English counterpart.
ENC-stemA-stemI-stemE-stem / Λ-stemO-stem / U-stem
I → you
ku
kuy
ku
1
kuy
kuy
I → him
li
liy
l
liy
liy
I → her
I → someone
I → them
khe
khey
khe
1
khey
khey
I → you two
kni
ky
kn
kn
kn
I → all of you
They & I → you
kwa
kw
kwʌ
1
kw
ky
You → me (command form)
tak
take
3
takw
tak
tak
tak
You → me
sk
ske
3
skw
sk
sk
sk
You → him
hetsh
2
hetshe
2
3
hetsh
2
hetsh
2
hetsh
2
hetsh
2
You → her
You → someone
You → them
she
shey
she
1
shey
shey
You → them & I
All of you → me
takwa
takw
takwʌ
1
takw
takw
All of you → me (command form)
takwa
takw
takwʌ
1
takw
taky
You and I → him
hetni
2
hety
2
hetn
2
hetn
2
hetn
2
You and I → her
You all and I → her
You and I → someone
You all and I → someone
You and I → them
You all and I → them
yethi
yethiy
yeth
yethiy
yethiy
You two → me (command form)
takni
taky
takn
takn
takn
You two → me
skni
sky
skn
skn
skn
You two → him
He → you two
hetsni
2
hetsy
2
hetsn
2
hetsn
2
hetsn
2
You all & I → him
hetwa
2
hetw
2
hetwʌ
1
2
hetw
2
hety
2
All of you → me
skwa
skw
skwʌ
1
skw
sky
All of you → him
He → all of you
hetswa
hetsw
hetswʌ
1
hetsw
hetsy
He → me
lak
lake
3
lakw
lak
lakw
lak
He → you
hya
2
hy
2
hyʌ
1
2
hyay
2
hyay
2
He → him
lo
lo
1
lo
1
law
la
He → her
He → someone
He → them
shako
shako
1
shako
1
shakaw
shaka
He → you and I
shukni
shuky
shukn
shukn
shukn
He → you all and I
shukwa
shukw
shukwʌ
1
shukw
shuky
She → me
They → me
yuke
1
yukw
yuk
yukw
yuk
She → you
They → you
yesa
yes
yesʌ
1
yes
yesay
She → him
They → him
luwa
luw
luwʌ
1
luw
luway
She → her
They → her
yutat
yutate
3
yutat
yutat
yutat
yutat
She → it
kuwa
kuw
kuwʌ
1
kuw
kuway
She → you two
She → all of you
They → you two
They → all of you
You two → her
You two → them
All of you → her
All of you → them
yetshi
yetshiy
yetshi
yetshiy
yetshiy
She → them (males, mix)
They → them (males, mix)
luwati
luwan
luwat
luwat
luwan
She → them (females)
They → them (females)
kuwati
kuwan
kuwat
kuwat
kuwan
Someone and I → him
shakni
shaky
shakn
shakn
shakn
They and I → him
shakwa
shakw
shakwʌ
1
shakw
shaky
Someone and I → her
Someone and I → them
They and I → her
They and I → them
yakhi
yakhiy
yakh
yakhiy
yakhiy
They → you and I
They → them and I
yukhi
yukhiy
yukh
yukhiy
yukhiy
They (males, mix) → her
They (males, mix) → them
shakoti
shakon
shakot
shakon
shakon
They (males, mix) → her
They (males, mix) → them
yakoti
yakon
yakot
yakon
yakon

Possessive (light blue) Pronominals

ENC-stemA-stemI-stemE-stem / Λ-stemO-stem / U-stem
íI
ak
ake
3
akw
ak
akw
ak
iséYou
sa
s
sʌ
1
s
s
laulháHe
lao
lao
1
lao
1
law
la
akaulháShe
ako
ako
1
ako
1
akaw
ak
aulháIt
ao
ao
1
ao
1
aw
y
tetniyáhseYou and I
ukni
uky
ukn
ukn
ukn
tesniyáhseYou two
sni
tsy
sn
sn
sn
twakwekuYou all and I
ukwa
ukw
ukwʌ
1
ukw
uky
swakwekuAll of you
swa
sw
swʌ
1
sw
tsy
latikwekuThey (males)
laoti
laon
laonlaot
laon
laon
kutikwekuThey (females)
aoti
aon
aonaot
aon
aon

Stress and Accents

Stress is the term we use to describe the way we emphasize one part of a word when we say it aloud. An accent is the mark we place over the syllable that is being stressed / emphasized. The accent mark is always written over the vowel in the syllable being stressed. We never write accent marks over consonants. There are two kinds of stress:

Short stress

Short stress is indicated by an upstress mark   ́  over the vowel being stressed. Vowels with short stress are pronounced slightly louder and with a rising tone of voice. The vowel is the same length as other vowels in the word.
Examples:

Long stress

Long stress is indicated by an upstress mark   ́  over the vowel followed by a middle dot · or a colon :. Vowels with a long stress are pronounced slightly louder and noticeably longer than other vowels in the same word.
Examples:

Length

Length is indicated by a middle dot · or a colon :. Vowels are noticeably longer than other vowels in the same word.
Although people from the southern U.S. use long vowels in their speech, English speakers in most of the U.S. and Canada do not. They speak using short stress on basically all their words. This contrasts with Onʌyoteʔa·ká· which frequently uses long stress to properly say a word. This means that students will have to begin using long stress much more often. Onʌyoteʔa·ká· spoken with only short, stressed vowels sounds "American."
English speakers in this part of the country do use long stress, but usually for emphasis or to convey emotion. Being sarcastic they might say: "Well, excuuuuuse me." Expressing sorrow or empathy they might say: "I‘m sooo sorry."
Students should not stress or lengthen prefixes, roots, suffixes, particles, or whole words to convey emphasis or emotion because these are conveyed through word choice or word order. In English, speakers raise their inflection to change a statement into a question, as in: "He likes her." versus "He likes her?". Onʌyoteʔa·ká· speakers should not raise their inflection when asking questions, as in: Shakonú·wehseʔ kʌ́ né· akaulhá·

Where stress occurs

There are two rules regarding stress:
  1. Every word that has more than one vowel / syllable has a stress (accent).
  2. Only one vowel / syllable in a word can be stressed.
The most frequent placement for stress is on the second-to-last syllable of a word, for example niwáhsʌ. However, there are many exceptions to this!

Glottal Stops

A common feature of Onʌyoteʔa·ká· is the GLOTTAL STOP indicated in writing by an apostrophe () or the symbol ʔ. A glottal stop occurs when a speaker abruptly “cuts” the end off a vowel by stopping air and sound coming out of their throat. We use glottal stops in speaking English all the time, but we are unaware of them and do not write them.
Example: When saying “no,” people sometimes say “uh-unh.” (The glottal stop occurs after the “uh” and before the “unh.”) Many people also glottalize the double-t in words like kitten, so that they say “kiʔten.” Examples of Onʌyoteʔa·ká· words with glottal stops are:
Sometimes a vowel with a glottal stop is given a short or a long stress. Examples:

The Letter H

An important feature of Onʌyoteʔa·ká· is the letter H, which works the same way as it does in English, with breath coming out of a speaker‘s throat but no sound. English speakers are not aware of how many times they say an H when they speak, and they donʔt write all the Hs they say. For example, they say an H (a breath but no sound) in the words “king,” “queen,” “top”, and “tie” but they don‘t hear the H and they don‘t write it.
In Onʌyoteʔa·ká· we write all the Hs that follow Ks and Ts. Example:
We also write most of the Hs that occur after a vowel and before a consonant. Examples:
Not all of the Hs that are spoken in a word get written by all speakers, however. It seems to be a matter of personal preference.

Whispered Endings

This is a very unique feature of Onʌyoteʔa·ká where the last syllable of a word is actually whispered. This occurs only on words that are prepausal (but it doesn‘t always occur on prepausal words). A prepausal word is a word that occurs at the end of a sentence or is the only word in a sentence. This is written using an underline under the vowel that is whispered, for example áhsʌ̲.
The alternative to prepausal is medial. You may see the abbreviations PF and MF for prepausal form and medial form, respectively.
A word that is in prepausal form may have its stress placed on a different syllable than its corresponding medial form. For example: kahyatuhslí né· thíkʌ̲   vs.   hʌ, kahyatúhsehli̲.
In this curriculum all words are given in medial form unless they appear prepausal in the dialogue examples. As with the Hs, beginning students must listen closely to pick up the pronunciation to know when to use it effectively as not all prepausal words have whispered endings. For example, úska is fully pronounced in prepausal form.

yats — my name is...

Let‘s learn our first phrase! Bob ni· yukyáts translates to "Bob is my name". It actually more literally translates to "They call me Bob". Notice the purple text in the phrase, yuk. This is from our Purple Pronominals table. yats is the root word and because it begins with a consonant, we can look for "yuk" in the table under the C-stem column to find that it corresponds to "They → me".
yats is an example of a word that "uses purple pronominals". Different root words in Oneida use different color pronominals. Some words, such as nú·wehseʔ, can use multiple different color pronominals. Different colors can change the meaning of a root word. We‘ll learn more about this in module 2.
A paradigm table for yats looks like this:
PhraseTranslation
yukyátsThey call Me ...
yesa·yátsThey call You ...
luwa·yátsThey call Him ...
yutat·yátsThey call Her ...
kuwa·yátsThey call It ...
luwati·yátsThey call Them (males) ...
kuwati·yátsThey call Them (females) ...
In this curriculum, the word "paradigm" refers to a list of conjugations for a given root word. When you get a grasp of the different pronominals, you will be able to recall paradigms much more easily.

anuhte — to know, to be in the know

Let‘s learn another phrase! The root word is anuhteʔ and it uses blue pronominals. It means "to know something". Here‘s the paradigm table:
PhraseTranslation
wakanúhteʔI know
sanúhteʔYou know
lonúhteʔHe knows
yakonúhteʔShe knows
yonúhteʔIt knows
yukyanúhteʔYou and I know
yukyanúhteʔSomeone and I know
tsyanúhteʔYou two know
lonanúhteʔTwo males know
yonanúhteʔTwo females know
yukwanúhteʔYou all and I know
yukwanúhteʔThey and I know
swanúhteʔAll of you know
lonanúhteʔThey (males) know
yonanúhteʔThey (females) know

Particles

In this curriculum, particles refer to words that are common in dialogue.
OneidaEnglishExamples
kwáh tsiʔ niyot
like, just like
Kunú·wehseʔ kwáh tsiʔ niyot isé· sknú·wehseʔ niʔi
I like you just like you like me.
kwáh ikʌ́· tsiʔ
very much
Kwáh i·kʌ́ tsiʔ kninú·wehseʔ kaʔi·kʌ́· né· Só·s khále Alísakwet
Susan and Elizabeth like this very much.
akwekú
everyone, everybody, everything
Yah akwekú teʔsanúhte̲ʔ
You don't know everything.
Akwekú lanú·wehse̲ʔ
He likes everything.
Akwekú shukwanú·wehse̲ʔ
He likes all of us.
e·só·
a lot
Esó· yukhinú·wehseʔ thikʌ́ akokhstʌ́ha
That old woman likes us a lot.
ʌ́·
yes
ʌ́·
yes
kátiʔ, ok né·n
so then
Oh káti niʔí·
So then, what about me?
Ok né·n niʔí·
So then, what about me?
tá·thuni
or
Yah teʔwakanúhteʔ tá·tkʌ Kwítel tá·thuni Tshyalé luwa·yáts
I don't know if his name is Peter or Charlie.
kʌ́
Used to indicate a question
Tshyalé kʌ́ luwa·yáts né·n laulhá·
Is his name Charlie?
kaʔi·kʌ́͟͟·
this
Akwekú kʌ́ latinú·wehseʔ kaʔi·kʌ́· lotikhstʌʔokúha
Do all of the old men like this?
náhteʔ
what
Knú·wehseʔ tsiʔ náhteʔ snú·wehse̲ʔ
I like what (it is that) you like.
náhteʔ ok
something, anything
Náhteʔ ok kʌ́ yakonúhteʔ né· yeksá·
Does the girl know anything?
nʌʔ né·
it is
Wílo nʌʔ né·
It's William.
nók tsiʔ
but
Laknú·wehseʔ niʔí· nók tsiʔ yah né· tehinú·wehse̲ʔ
He likes me but I don't like him.
kháleʔ
and
Lokhstʌ́ha kháleʔ né·n laksá· ninú·wehse̲ʔ
The old man and the boy like it.
ó·ni
also, too, as well as, either
Yeyaʔtaséha ó·ni yesanú·wehse̲ʔ
The young woman also likes you.
oyá
other, else, another
Lanú·wehseʔ kʌ́ né· oyá· laksá·
Does the other boy like it?
oh
a particle used to ask What? Why? and How? questions
Oh náhte yesa·yáts
What is your name?
oh ni·yót
How?
Oh ni·yót tsiʔ yakonúhteʔ né·n Wa·li
How does Mary know that?
ostú·ha
a little bit
Ostú·ha yakninú·wehse i· kháleʔ Kwítel
Peter and I like it a little bit.
ok
just, only
Tá·wet ok linúwehse̲ʔ
I only like David.
ostúhaʔ ok
just a little bit
Ostúhaʔ ok khenú·wehseʔ né· thikʌ́ latinikʌhtluʔokuha̲
I like those young men just a little bit.
úhkaʔ náhteʔ
who
Úhkaʔ náhteʔ thikʌ́ lú·kwe̲ʔ
Who is that man?
Sanúhteʔ kʌ́ úhkaʔ náhteʔ thikʌ́ˍ
Do you know who that is?
úhkaʔ ok náhteʔ
someone, somebody
Úhkaʔ ok náhteʔ luwanú·wehse̲ʔ
Someone likes him.
(kwah) otokú· tsiʔ
certainly, for sure
Kwah otokú· tsiʔ khenú·wehseʔ né· Só·s
I certainly like Susan.
náhteʔ oyá·
something else, anything else
Yah náhteʔ ó·ya teyakonúhteʔ
She doesn't know anything else.
sʌ́haʔ
more
Sʌ́haʔ kʌ́ yenú·wehseʔ né· kaʔi·kʌ́͟͟
Does she like this more?
sʌ́haʔ ... tsiʔ ni·yót né·
more than
Sʌ́haʔ linú·wehseʔ né· Tá·wet tsiʔ ni·yót né· Tshyalé
I like David more than Charlie.
shekú
still, yet, again
Shekú yah teʔkhenú·wehseʔ né· akaulhá·
I still don't like her.
shekú o·yá·
another one, yet another
Shekú oyá· yakukwé yesanú·wehse̲ʔ
Yet another woman likes you.
thikʌ́͟͟
that, that one, that thing
Swanú·wehseʔ kʌ́ thikʌ́͟͟
Do you all like that?
to·káh
I dunno
to·kʌśkeʔ
true, it is true
To·kʌ́skeʔ kʌ́ tsiʔ yah teʔsknúwehse̲ʔ
Is it true that you don't like me?
tá·t
if
Yah teʔwakanúhteʔ tá·t Kwítel luwa·yáts né·n laulhá·
I don't know if his name is Peter.
tsiʔ
that, there, when, to, at
Sanúhteʔ kʌ́ tsiʔ yah teʔyesanú·wehse̲ʔ
Do you know that she doesn't like you?
Knú·wehseʔ tsiʔ isé· sknú·wehseʔ.
I like it that you like me.
tsiʔ náhteʔ
what (it is)
Yah teʔwakanúhteʔ tsiʔ náhteʔ snú·wehse̲ʔ
I don't know what you like.
wáhi̲
Isn't it? Innit? Eh?
Wá·li yutátyats né· akaulhá·, wáhi̲
Her name is Mary, isn't it?
tah
no
yah kiʔ sótsi
not that much, not so much
Yah kiʔ sótsi tehetshnú·wehseʔ, wáhi
You don't like him that much, do you?
yah úhkaʔ
no one, nobody
Yah úhkaʔ tehuwanú·wehseʔ thikʌ́ lanikʌhtlúha
No one likes that young man.
yah náhteʔ
nothing, not anything
Yah ... té·kʌ
not (a fact), not (true)
Yah to·kʌ́skeʔ té·kʌ
That's not true.
Yah Wali té·kʌ
That's not Mary.
Ta·im
no way (slang)

People

It is important to understand that the translations for two or more people are not literal. tehniská· is not the literal translation for "2 boys" — that is tehniyáhse tehniská·. You can learn more about this in the "Counting" article which is part of module 3.

Children

EnglishTranslation
Boy
laksá·
Boys (2)
Boy and girl
tehniksá·
Boys (3+)
Mix of boys and girls
latiksaʔshúha
Girl
yeksá·
Girls (2)
tekniksá·
Girls (3+)
kutiksaʔshúha

Adolescents

EnglishTranslation
Young man
lanikʌtlúha
Young men (2)
tehninikʌtlúha
Young men (3+)
latinikʌtluʔokúha
Young woman
yeyaʔtaséha
Young women (2)
tekniyaʔtaséha
Young women (3+)
kutiyaʔtaseʔokúha

Adults

EnglishTranslation
Man
lu·kwé·
Men (2)
Man and woman
tehnu·kwé·
Men (3+)
Mix of men and women
lʌnu·kwé·
Woman
yaku·kwé·
Women (2)
teknu·kwé·
Women (3+)
kunu·kwé·

Older people

Note: These words do not mean "old people", "seniors", "elders", etc. They mean people that are older than the speaker. Thus, these words are not commonly used in this context (as nouns). Instead, they are used as verbs. You can learn more about this in the "Age" article which is part of module 2.
EnglishTranslation
Older man
lokstʌ́ha
Older men (2)
Older man and older woman
lotikstʌ́ha
Older men (3+)
Mix of older men and older women
lotikstʌhokúha
Older woman
akokstʌ́ha
Older women (2)
yotikstʌ́ha
Older women (3+)
yotikstʌhokúha

English Names

EnglishTranslation
Aaron
Alʌt
Abraham
Á·kwilut
Albert
Tsiʔtwʌlu
Charlie
Tshyalé
David
Tá·wet
George
Tysáts
Jerry
Tshéle
John
Sawatís
Kenny
Kénniha
Matthew
Mathyu
Nicholas
Niklas
Peter
Kwítel
Richard
Litsyet
Thomas
Tu·wís
William
Wílo
Christine
Kristin
Klistí·n
Delores
Tsiló·s
Elizabeth
Aliskwe
Alísakwe
Katherine
Katlí·n
Margret
Kwáklit
Kowáklit
Martha
Mahtih
Mary
Wá·li
Nellie
Amelia
Ní·ki
Rachel
Lá·kel
Sara
Sá·l
Susan
Só·s

Dialogue

Here is some dialogue using what was covered on this page. Some parts of this dialogue are a bit contrived but it should help you with understanding what has been covered.

Example 1

Úhkaʔ náhteʔ niʔí·
Kwítel niʔisé͟·
Úhkaʔ náhteʔ niʔisé͟·
Wá·li niʔí·
Úhkaʔ náhteʔ neʔn laulhá·
Tá·wet neʔn laulhá·
Úhkaʔ náhteʔ neʔn akaulhá·
Klistí·n neʔn akaulhá·
Úhkaʔ náhteʔ nʌʔ né·
Kwítel nʌʔ né·

Example 2

Tshyalé kʌ́ niʔí·
Λ́·, Tshyalé niʔisé͟·
Wá·li kʌ́ niʔisé͟·
Λ́·, Wá·li niʔí·
Tá·wet kʌ́ neʔn laulhá·
Λ́·, Tá·wet nen laulhá·
Klistí·n kʌ́ neʔn akaulhá·
Λ́·, Klistí·n neʔn akaulhá·

Example 3

Í· kʌ́ neʔn Tshyalé
Λ́·, isé· né· Tshyalé
Isé· kʌ́ neʔn Wá·li
Λ́·, í· né· Wá·li
Laulhá· kʌ́ neʔn Tá·wet
Λ́·, laulhá· né·
Akaulhá· kʌ́ neʔn Ní·ki
Λ́·, akaulhá· né· Ní·ki

Example 4

Wá·li kʌ́ niʔí·
Tah
Yah Wá·li té·kʌ nisé·
Só·s niʔisé͟·
Tshyalé kʌ́ niʔisé͟·
Tah
Yah Tshyalé té·kʌ niʔí·
Wá·li niʔí·
Wílo kʌ́ neʔn laulhá·
Tah
Yah Wílo té:kʌ neʔn laulhá·
Tá·wet neʔn laulhá·
Lá·kel kʌ́ neʔn akaulhá·
Tah
Yah Lá·kel té:kʌ neʔn akaulhá·
Só·s neʔn akaulhá··

Example 5

Í· kʌ́ neʔn Wá·li
Tah
Yah Wá·li té·kʌ niʔisé͟·
Só·s ni·sé·
Isé· kʌ́ neʔn Tu·wís
Tah
Yah Tu·wís té·kʌ niʔí·
Wílo niʔí·
Laulhá· kʌ́ neʔn Tshyalé
Tah
Yah Tshyalé té·kʌ neʔn laulhá·
Ta·wet neʔn laulhá·
Akaulhá· kʌ́ neʔn Ní·ki
Tah
Yah Ní·ki té·kʌ neʔn akaulhá·
Só·s neʔn akaulhá·

Example 6

Sknú·wehseʔ kʌ́ niʔí·
Λ́·, kunú·wehseʔ niʔisé͟·
Kunú·wehseʔ niʔisé· kwáh ne·n tsiʔ niyot sknú·wehseʔ niʔí·
Etsnú·wehseʔ kʌ́ neʔn laulhá·
Λ́·, linú·wehseʔ né· laulhá·
Etsnú·wehseʔ kʌ́ neʔn Wílo
Λ́·, linú·wehseʔ né· Wílo
Shenú·wehseʔ kʌ́ neʔn akaulhá·
Λ́·, khenú·wehseʔ né· akaulhá·
Shenú·wehseʔ kʌ́ neʔn Kowaklít
Λ́·, khenú·wehseʔ né· Kowaklít
Shenú·wehseʔ kʌ́ neʔn lonulhá·
Λ́·, khenú·wehseʔ né· lonulhá·
Shenú·wehseʔ kʌ́ neʔn Beatles
Λ́·, khenú·wehseʔ né· Beatles

Example 7

I·sé· kʌ́ sknú·wehse̲ʔ
Λ́·, í· kunú·wehse̲ʔ
laulhá· kʌ́ etsnú·wehse̲ʔ
Λ́·, laulhá· linú·wehse̲ʔ
Kwítel kʌ́ etsnú·wehse̲ʔ
Λ́·, Kwítel linú·wehse̲ʔ
Akaulhá· kʌ́ shenú·wehse̲ʔ
Λ́·, akaulhá· khenú·wehse̲ʔ
Kowaklit kʌ́ shenú·wehse̲ʔ
Λ́·, Kowaklít khenú·wehse̲ʔ
Lonulhá· kʌ́ shenú·wehse̲ʔ
Λ́·, lonulhá· khenú·wehse̲ʔ
Rolling Stones kʌ́ shenú·wehse̲ʔ
Λ́·, Rolling Stones khenú·wehse̲ʔ

Example 8

Úhkaʔ náhteʔ khenú·wehseʔ
Í· sknú·wehseʔ
Kwítel etsnú·wehseʔ
Klistí·n shenú·wehseʔ
Beatles shenú·wehseʔ
Úhkaʔ náhteʔ shenú·wehseʔ
Isé· kunú·wehseʔ
Kwítel linú·wehseʔ
Klistí·n khenú·wehseʔ
Beatles khenú·wehseʔ
Akwekú khenú·wehseʔ
Háti úhkaʔ ok náhteʔ niʔisé· shenú·wehseʔ, í· khenú·wehseʔ
Úhkaʔ oyá· shenú·wehseʔ
Rolling Stones ú·niʔ khenú·wehseʔ
Úhkaʔ shakonú·wehseʔ né· Kwítel
Í· laknú·wehseʔ né· Kwítel
I·sé· yanú·wehseʔ né· Kwítel
Úhkaʔ oyá· shakonú·wehseʔ neʔn Kwítel
Rolling Stones oniʔ shakonú·wehseʔ neʔn Kwítel
Úhkaʔ náhteʔ yutatnú·wehseʔ neʔn Só·s
Í· yuknú·wehseʔ neʔn Só·s
I·sé· yesanú·wehseʔ né· Só·s

Example 9

Náhte snú·wehseʔ
Kaʔikʌ́ knú·wehseʔ
Thikʌ́· knú·wehseʔ
Akwekú knú·wehseʔ
Háti náhte ne·n isé· snú·wehseʔ, í· ú·ni knú·wehseʔ

Example 10

Úhkaʔ náhteʔ sʌ́haʔ shenú·wehseʔ Beatles tá·thuniʔ Rolling Stones
Beatles sʌ́haʔ khenú·wehseʔ tsiʔ ni·yót né· Rolling Stones
Úhkaʔ náhteʔ sʌ́haʔ shenú·wehseʔ tsiʔ ni·yót né·n Rolling Stones
Beatles sʌ́haʔ khenú·wehseʔ tsiʔ ni·yót né· Rolling Stones
Úhkaʔ náhteʔ sʌ́haʔ shenú·wehseʔ tsiʔ ni·yót né· Beatles
Yah úhkaʔ náhteʔ sʌ́haʔ teʔkhenú·wehseʔ tsiʔ ni·yót né· Beatles
Sʌ́haʔ kʌ́ shenú·wehseʔ neʔn Beach Boys tsiʔ ni·yót neʔn Beatles
Tah. Yah sʌ́haʔ tekhenú·wehseʔ né· Beach Boys tsiʔ ni·yót né· Beatles
Sʌ́haʔ kʌ́ etsnú·wehseʔ neʔn Nelson Mandela tsiʔ ni·yót neʔn Stephen Harper
Λ́·, kwáh ikʌ́ tsiʔ sʌ́haʔ linú·wehseʔ Nelson Mandela tsiʔ ni·yót neʔn Stephen Harper
Úhka ó·ya sʌ́haʔ shenú·wehseʔ tsiʔ ni·yót né· Stephen Harper
Tom Porter óni sʌ́haʔ linú·wehseʔ tsiʔ ni·yót né·n Stephen Harper
Lonúhteʔ kʌ́ neʔn Tshyalé oh náhte luwatí·yats neʔn Beatles
Λ́·, lonúhteʔ neʔn Tshyalé oh náhte luwati·yáts neʔn Beatles
Lonanúhteʔ kʌ́ né· thikʌ́ latiksaʔshuha oh náhte kuwatí·yats né· thikʌ́ otikhstʌʔokúha̲
Tah. Yah tehonanúhteʔ né· thikʌ́ latiksaʔshúha oh náhte kuwati·yáts thikʌ́ otikhstʌʔokúha̲
Laulhá· kʌ́ lonúhteʔ náhte yesá·yats
Tah. Yah tehonúhteʔ náhte ní· yúkyats
Klistí·n kʌ́ yutátyats né· thikʌ́ yakú·kwe̲
Λ́·, Klistí·n yutátyats né· thikʌ́ yakú·kwe̲ʔ
Onulhá· kʌ́ yonanúhteʔ náhte luwati·yáts neʔn Rolling Stones
Λ́·, yonanúhteʔ náhte luwati·yáts neʔn Rolling Stones. Mick, Keith, Charlie kháleʔ Ronnie luwati·yáts

Example 11

Skyʌtelí kʌ́ náhte ni yúkyats
Lá·kel kʌ́ yesa·yáts
Tah
Yah Lá·kel teyúkyats
Thikʌ akokstʌ́·haʔ neʔn Lá·kel yutátyats
Kowáklit kʌ́ yesa·yáts
Tah
Yah oni Kowáklit teyúkyats
Thikʌ yeksá· neʔn Kowáklit yutátyats
Tá·t yah Lá·kel tathu·ní· yah Kowáklit teyesa·yáts nahte káti yesa·yáts
Aliskwet niyúkyats
Onʌ kuyʌtelí náhte yesa·yáts

Translation Exercises

1Né· lokstʌ́ha lanú·wehseʔ oní né· khaleʔ akokstʌ́ha yenú·wehse̲ʔ 
2Yah kʌ́ tesanúhteʔ oh náhte yutátyats né· thikʌ́ yeksá· 
3Kutikwekú kutiksaʔshúha luwanú·wehseʔ né· laulhá· 
4Kwítel kʌ́ luwa·yáts thikʌ́ laksá· 
5Sʌ́haʔ yakninú·wehseʔ ne thí·kʌ̲ 
6Yah tehonúhteʔ tsiʔ náhteʔ luwati·yáts thikʌ́ latiksaʔshúha̲ʔ 
7Yah ki só·tsiʔ tehinú·wehseʔ Wílo 
8Akwekú shakonú·wehseʔ ne thikʌ́ lokstʌ́ha,nok tsiʔ yah neʔn Wá·li 
9Sanúhteʔ kʌ́ úhkaʔ náhteʔ yenú·wehseʔ kaʔí·kʌ̲ 
10Sʌ́haʔ snú·wehseʔ kaʔi·kʌ́· tsiʔ ni·yóht thikʌ́, wáhi̲ 
11Yah kʌ́ tehninú·wehse̲ʔ (tehniyáhse) 
12Wakanúhteʔ tsiʔ shukwanú·wehseʔ thikʌ́ lokstʌ́ha̲ 
13Kunú·wehseʔ niʔisé·, kwah né·n tsiʔ niyot niʔisé· sknú·wehse̲ʔ 
14Tokʌ́skeʔ kʌ́ tsiʔ lonúhteʔ oh náhteʔ yúkyats 
15Wé·ne tsiʔ yah tehinú·wehseʔ thikʌ́ lú·kwe̲ 
16Do those women know anything? 
17Who else doesn't like this? 
18I don't like the girl that you like. 
19Does that old woman like us? 
20That woman's not Mary, it's Elizabeth. 
21Who do you like more, George Jones or Justin Bieber? 
22Who knows the old woman named Elizabeth? 
23This young man doesn't know your name. 
24I only like Mary a little bit. 
25I like David, but I still don't like Charlie. 
26How does Mary know that? 
27I know the names of those old men. 
28I know that you like him, but do you know if he likes you? 
29Who else knows the names of the young men? 
30That old man really likes this, but I know that he likes that more.